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Data Sources & Provenance

Every election in PoliWave is compiled from primary sources — official electoral authorities, national statistical agencies, academic archives and boundary files. This is the complete, per-jurisdiction provenance list, generated directly from our elections database. For the people and projects we lean on most, see the credits page.

58
Countries
68
Jurisdictions
5,861
Elections
1,552
Source links
Albania AL-GEN 39 links
AL-GEN Albania 5 elections· 2009–2025· CLOSED_LIST
Results & vote data (12)
Constituency / district (11)
Boundaries / shapefiles (1)
Cross-checks & misc (17)
Andorra AD-GEN 11 links
AD-GEN Andorra 1 elections· 2023· CLOSED_LIST
Results & vote data (4)
Constituency / district (1)
Boundaries / shapefiles (2)
Cross-checks & misc (4)
Argentina AR-GEN 4 links
AR-GEN Argentina 1 elections· 2025· CLOSED_LIST
Results & vote data (1)
Constituency / district (1)
Boundaries / shapefiles (1)
Cross-checks & misc (1)
Australia AU-GEN 58 links
AU-GEN Australia 12 elections· 1993–2025· IRV
Results & vote data (19)
Constituency / district (12)
Boundaries / shapefiles (2)
Cross-checks & misc (25)
Austria AT-GEN 20 links
AT-GEN Austria 6 elections· 2006–2024· OPEN_LIST
Results & vote data (7)
Constituency / district (6)
Boundaries / shapefiles (1)
Cross-checks & misc (6)
Belgium BE-GEN 20 links
BE-GEN Belgium 6 elections· 2003–2024· OPEN_LIST
Results & vote data (6)
Constituency / district (6)
Boundaries / shapefiles (1)
Cross-checks & misc (7)
Bosnia and Herzegovina BA-GEN 13 links
BA-GEN Bosnia and Herzegovina 3 elections· 2018–2026· OPEN_LIST
Results & vote data (2)
Constituency / district (2)
Boundaries / shapefiles (4)
Cross-checks & misc (5)
Bulgaria BG-GEN 34 links
BG-GEN Bulgaria 15 elections· 2001–2030· OPEN_LIST
Results & vote data (2)
Constituency / district (14)
Boundaries / shapefiles (1)
Cross-checks & misc (17)
Canada FED · BC · AB · SK · MB · ON · QC · NB · NS · PEI · NL 144 links
FED Federal 45 elections· 1867–2025· FPTP
Results & vote data (1)
Constituency / district (46)
Boundaries / shapefiles (1)
BC British Columbia 43 elections· 1871–2024· FPTP
Results & vote data (3)
Constituency / district (10)
AB Alberta 31 elections· 1905–2023· FPTP
Results & vote data (3)
Constituency / district (6)
SK Saskatchewan 30 elections· 1905–2024· FPTP
Results & vote data (4)
Constituency / district (2)
MB Manitoba 43 elections· 1870–2023· FPTP
Results & vote data (43)
Constituency / district (2)
ON Ontario 44 elections· 1867–2025· FPTP
Results & vote data (1)
Constituency / district (3)
QC Quebec 43 elections· 1867–2022· FPTP
Results & vote data (2)
Constituency / district (3)
NB New Brunswick 42 elections· 1866–2024· FPTP
Results & vote data (1)
Constituency / district (2)
  • electionsnb.ca ↗ cited by 13 elections· 1978–2024
  • Elections in New Brunswick 1784-1983 offline source ·cited by 29 elections· 1866–1974
NS Nova Scotia 42 elections· 1867–2024· FPTP
Results & vote data (4)
Constituency / district (6)
PEI Prince Edward Island 42 elections· 1873–2023· FPTP
Results & vote data (1)
Constituency / district (1)
NL Newfoundland and Labrador 23 elections· 1949–2025· FPTP
Results & vote data (1)
Constituency / district (1)
  • Wikipedia offline source ·cited by 23 elections· 1949–2025
Chile CL-GEN 8 links
CL-GEN Chile 2 elections· 2017–2025· OPEN_LIST
Results & vote data (3)
Constituency / district (2)
Boundaries / shapefiles (1)
Cross-checks & misc (2)
Cyprus CY-GEN 30 links
CY-GEN Cyprus 11 elections· 1981–2031· OPEN_LIST
Results & vote data (5)
Constituency / district (12)
Boundaries / shapefiles (1)
Cross-checks & misc (12)
Czech Republic CZ-GEN 37 links
CZ-GEN Czech Republic 6 elections· 2006–2025· OPEN_LIST
Results & vote data (18)
Constituency / district (12)
Boundaries / shapefiles (1)
Cross-checks & misc (6)
Denmark DK-GEN 39 links
DK-GEN Denmark 7 elections· 2005–2026· OPEN_LIST
Results & vote data (9)
Constituency / district (15)
Boundaries / shapefiles (3)
Cross-checks & misc (12)
Estonia EE-GEN 29 links
EE-GEN Estonia 6 elections· 2003–2023· OPEN_LIST
Results & vote data (9)
Constituency / district (11)
Boundaries / shapefiles (1)
Cross-checks & misc (8)
Finland FI-GEN 13 links
FI-GEN Finland 6 elections· 2003–2023· OPEN_LIST
Results & vote data (3)
Constituency / district (2)
Boundaries / shapefiles (1)
Cross-checks & misc (7)
France FR-GEN 39 links
FR-GEN France 22 elections· 1945–2024· FTRS
Results & vote data (35)
  • fr.wikipedia.org ↗ cited by 1 election· 1945
  • fr.wikipedia.org ↗ cited by 1 election· 1951
  • fr.wikipedia.org ↗ cited by 1 election· 1956
  • fr.wikipedia.org ↗ cited by 1 election· 1958
  • fr.wikipedia.org ↗ cited by 1 election· 1962
  • fr.wikipedia.org ↗ cited by 1 election· 1967
  • fr.wikipedia.org ↗ cited by 1 election· 1968
  • fr.wikipedia.org ↗ cited by 1 election· 1973
  • fr.wikipedia.org ↗ cited by 1 election· 1978
  • fr.wikipedia.org ↗ cited by 1 election· 1981
  • fr.wikipedia.org ↗ cited by 1 election· 1986
  • fr.wikipedia.org ↗ cited by 1 election· 1988
  • fr.wikipedia.org ↗ cited by 1 election· 1993
  • fr.wikipedia.org ↗ cited by 1 election· 1997
  • fr.wikipedia.org ↗ cited by 1 election· 2002
  • fr.wikipedia.org ↗ cited by 1 election· 2007
  • fr.wikipedia.org ↗ cited by 1 election· 2012
  • fr.wikipedia.org ↗ cited by 1 election· 1946
  • fr.wikipedia.org ↗ cited by 1 election· 1946
  • data.gouv.fr ↗ cited by 3 elections· 2017–2024
  • CDSP cdsp_legi1958{t1,t2}_circ.xls (Sciences Po) offline source ·cited by 1 election· 1958
  • CDSP cdsp_legi1962{t1,t2}_circ.xls (Sciences Po) offline source ·cited by 1 election· 1962
  • CDSP cdsp_legi1967{t1,t2}_circ.xls (Sciences Po) offline source ·cited by 1 election· 1967
  • CDSP cdsp_legi1968{t1,t2}_circ.xls (Sciences Po) offline source ·cited by 1 election· 1968
  • CDSP cdsp_legi1973{t1,t2}_circ.xls (Sciences Po) offline source ·cited by 1 election· 1973
  • CDSP cdsp_legi1978{t1,t2}_circ.xls (Sciences Po) offline source ·cited by 1 election· 1978
  • CDSP cdsp_legi1981{t1,t2}_circ.xls (Sciences Po) offline source ·cited by 1 election· 1981
  • CDSP cdsp_legi1986_circ.xls (Sciences Po) — proportional, single round offline source ·cited by 1 election· 1986
  • CDSP cdsp_legi1988{t1,t2}_circ.xls (Sciences Po) offline source ·cited by 1 election· 1988
  • CDSP cdsp_legi1993{t1,t2}_circ.xls (Sciences Po) offline source ·cited by 1 election· 1993
  • CDSP cdsp_legi1997{t1,t2}_circ.xls (Sciences Po) offline source ·cited by 1 election· 1997
  • CDSP cdsp_legi2002{t1,t2}_circ.xls (Sciences Po) offline source ·cited by 1 election· 2002
  • CDSP cdsp_legi2007{t1,t2}_circ.xls (Sciences Po) offline source ·cited by 1 election· 2007
  • CDSP cdsp_legi2012{t1,t2}_circ.xlsx (Sciences Po) offline source ·cited by 1 election· 2012
  • Wikipedia per-department articles offline source ·cited by 5 elections· 1945–1956
Constituency / district (40)
  • fr.wikipedia.org ↗ cited by 1 election· 1945
  • fr.wikipedia.org ↗ cited by 1 election· 1951
  • fr.wikipedia.org ↗ cited by 1 election· 1956
  • fr.wikipedia.org ↗ cited by 1 election· 1958
  • fr.wikipedia.org ↗ cited by 1 election· 1962
  • fr.wikipedia.org ↗ cited by 1 election· 1967
  • fr.wikipedia.org ↗ cited by 1 election· 1968
  • fr.wikipedia.org ↗ cited by 1 election· 1973
  • fr.wikipedia.org ↗ cited by 1 election· 1978
  • fr.wikipedia.org ↗ cited by 1 election· 1981
  • fr.wikipedia.org ↗ cited by 1 election· 1986
  • fr.wikipedia.org ↗ cited by 1 election· 1988
  • fr.wikipedia.org ↗ cited by 1 election· 1993
  • fr.wikipedia.org ↗ cited by 1 election· 1997
  • fr.wikipedia.org ↗ cited by 1 election· 2002
  • fr.wikipedia.org ↗ cited by 1 election· 2007
  • fr.wikipedia.org ↗ cited by 1 election· 2012
  • fr.wikipedia.org ↗ cited by 1 election· 1946
  • fr.wikipedia.org ↗ cited by 1 election· 1946
  • CDSP cdsp_legi1958{t1,t2}_circ.xls (Sciences Po) offline source ·cited by 1 election· 1958
  • CDSP cdsp_legi1962{t1,t2}_circ.xls (Sciences Po) offline source ·cited by 1 election· 1962
  • CDSP cdsp_legi1967{t1,t2}_circ.xls (Sciences Po) offline source ·cited by 1 election· 1967
  • CDSP cdsp_legi1968{t1,t2}_circ.xls (Sciences Po) offline source ·cited by 1 election· 1968
  • CDSP cdsp_legi1973{t1,t2}_circ.xls (Sciences Po) offline source ·cited by 1 election· 1973
  • CDSP cdsp_legi1978{t1,t2}_circ.xls (Sciences Po) offline source ·cited by 1 election· 1978
  • CDSP cdsp_legi1981{t1,t2}_circ.xls (Sciences Po) offline source ·cited by 1 election· 1981
  • CDSP cdsp_legi1986_circ.xls (Sciences Po) — proportional, single round offline source ·cited by 1 election· 1986
  • CDSP cdsp_legi1988{t1,t2}_circ.xls (Sciences Po) offline source ·cited by 1 election· 1988
  • CDSP cdsp_legi1993{t1,t2}_circ.xls (Sciences Po) offline source ·cited by 1 election· 1993
  • CDSP cdsp_legi1997{t1,t2}_circ.xls (Sciences Po) offline source ·cited by 1 election· 1997
  • CDSP cdsp_legi2002{t1,t2}_circ.xls (Sciences Po) offline source ·cited by 1 election· 2002
  • CDSP cdsp_legi2007{t1,t2}_circ.xls (Sciences Po) offline source ·cited by 1 election· 2007
  • CDSP cdsp_legi2012{t1,t2}_circ.xlsx (Sciences Po) offline source ·cited by 1 election· 2012
  • data.gouv.fr — Resultats par circonscription (2024) offline source ·cited by 1 election· 2024
  • Leg_2017_Resultats_T1_c.xlsx offline source ·cited by 1 election· 2017
  • Leg_2017_Resultats_T2_c.xlsx offline source ·cited by 1 election· 2017
  • Overseas constituency results not present in government source — see Wikipedia per-territory subarticles ('Articles connexes' on the main article). offline source ·cited by 14 elections· 1958–2012
  • resultats-par-niveau-cirlg-t1-france-entiere.xlsx offline source ·cited by 1 election· 2022
  • resultats-par-niveau-cirlg-t2-france-entiere.xlsx offline source ·cited by 1 election· 2022
  • Wikipedia per-department articles offline source ·cited by 5 elections· 1945–1956
Germany DE-FED 52 links
DE-FED Germany 30 elections· 1919–2025· MMP
Results & vote data (42)
Constituency / district (4)
Boundaries / shapefiles (4)
Cross-checks & misc (2)
Greece GR-GEN 20 links
GR-GEN Greece 3 elections· 2019–2023· CLOSED_LIST
Results & vote data (8)
Constituency / district (7)
Boundaries / shapefiles (1)
Cross-checks & misc (4)
Greenland GL-GEN 27 links
GL-GEN Greenland 7 elections· 2005–2025· OPEN_LIST
Results & vote data (9)
Constituency / district (2)
Boundaries / shapefiles (1)
Cross-checks & misc (15)
Hungary HU-GEN 14 links
HU-GEN Hungary 4 elections· 2014–2026· MSMMDS
Results & vote data (4)
Constituency / district (4)
Boundaries / shapefiles (1)
Cross-checks & misc (5)
Iceland IS-GEN 38 links
IS-GEN Iceland 8 elections· 2003–2024· OPEN_LIST
Results & vote data (9)
Constituency / district (6)
Boundaries / shapefiles (1)
Cross-checks & misc (22)
Indonesia ID-GEN 19 links
ID-GEN Indonesia 11 elections· 2004–2024· OPEN_LIST
Results & vote data (3)
Constituency / district (3)
Boundaries / shapefiles (2)
  • pemiluAPI 2014 dapil polygons, 77 features ↗ raw.githubusercontent.com ·cited by 1 election· 2014
  • Province-level race (presidential has no district geography of its own); reuses ID-GEN province regions. No dedicated shapefile. offline source ·cited by 3 elections· 2014–2024
Cross-checks & misc (12)
Ireland IE-GEN 28 links
IE-GEN Ireland 7 elections· 1997–2024· STV
Results & vote data (9)
Constituency / district (7)
Boundaries / shapefiles (3)
Cross-checks & misc (9)
Israel IL-GEN 14 links
IL-GEN Israel 5 elections· 2019–2022· CLOSED_LIST
Results & vote data (6)
Constituency / district (5)
Boundaries / shapefiles (2)
Cross-checks & misc (1)
Italy IT-GEN 8 links
IT-GEN Italy 3 elections· 2018–2027· MSMMDS
Results & vote data (4)
Constituency / district (2)
Boundaries / shapefiles (1)
Cross-checks & misc (1)
Japan JP-GEN 10 links
JP-GEN Japan 7 elections· 2009–2026· MSMMDS
Results & vote data (8)
Boundaries / shapefiles (2)
Kosovo XK-GEN 30 links
XK-GEN Kosovo 6 elections· 2010–2025· OPEN_LIST
Results & vote data (9)
Constituency / district (11)
Boundaries / shapefiles (1)
Cross-checks & misc (9)
Latvia LV-GEN 40 links
LV-GEN Latvia 8 elections· 1998–2022· OPEN_LIST
Results & vote data (14)
Constituency / district (15)
Boundaries / shapefiles (2)
Cross-checks & misc (9)
Liechtenstein LI-GEN 11 links
LI-GEN Liechtenstein 1 elections· 2025· OPEN_LIST
Results & vote data (4)
Constituency / district (1)
Boundaries / shapefiles (2)
Cross-checks & misc (4)
Lithuania LT-GEN 31 links
LT-GEN Lithuania 5 elections· 2008–2024· MSMMDS
Results & vote data (8)
Constituency / district (14)
Boundaries / shapefiles (2)
Cross-checks & misc (7)
Luxembourg LU-GEN 14 links
LU-GEN Luxembourg 1 elections· 2023· OPEN_LIST
Results & vote data (4)
Constituency / district (4)
Boundaries / shapefiles (2)
Cross-checks & misc (4)
Malaysia MY-GEN 10 links
MY-GEN Malaysia 4 elections· 2008–2022· FPTP
Results & vote data (3)
Constituency / district (1)
Boundaries / shapefiles (1)
Cross-checks & misc (5)
Malta MT-GEN 44 links
MT-GEN Malta 20 elections· 1947–2027· STV
Results & vote data (2)
Constituency / district (20)
Boundaries / shapefiles (1)
Cross-checks & misc (21)
Mexico MX-GEN 19 links
MX-GEN Mexico 8 elections· 2015–2024· MSMMDS
Results & vote data (12)
Constituency / district (4)
Boundaries / shapefiles (2)
Cross-checks & misc (1)
Moldova MD-GEN 59 links
MD-GEN Moldova 10 elections· 2009–2025· CLOSED_LIST
Results & vote data (20)
Constituency / district (8)
Boundaries / shapefiles (1)
Cross-checks & misc (30)
Monaco MC-GEN 11 links
MC-GEN Monaco 1 elections· 2023· OPEN_LIST
Results & vote data (4)
Constituency / district (3)
Boundaries / shapefiles (2)
Cross-checks & misc (2)
Montenegro ME-GEN 27 links
ME-GEN Montenegro 6 elections· 2006–2023· CLOSED_LIST
Results & vote data (7)
Constituency / district (6)
Boundaries / shapefiles (1)
Cross-checks & misc (13)
Namibia NA-GEN 10 links
NA-GEN Namibia 8 elections· 2009–2024· CLOSED_LIST
Results & vote data (4)
Constituency / district (1)
Cross-checks & misc (5)
Netherlands NL-GEN 12 links
NL-GEN Netherlands 2 elections· 2021–2023· OPEN_LIST
Results & vote data (5)
Constituency / district (2)
Boundaries / shapefiles (1)
Cross-checks & misc (4)
New Zealand NZ-GEN 50 links
NZ-GEN New Zealand 10 elections· 1996–2023· MMP
Results & vote data (23)
Constituency / district (11)
Boundaries / shapefiles (11)
  • datafinder.stats.govt.nz ↗ cited by 1 election· 1996
  • datafinder.stats.govt.nz ↗ cited by 1 election· 1999
  • datafinder.stats.govt.nz ↗ cited by 2 elections· 2002–2005
  • datafinder.stats.govt.nz ↗ cited by 2 elections· 2008–2011
  • datafinder.stats.govt.nz ↗ cited by 2 elections· 2020–2023
  • datafinder.stats.govt.nz ↗ cited by 2 elections· 2014–2017
  • note: 2020 boundary polygons reused as fallback (true vintage 1995) offline source ·cited by 1 election· 1996
  • note: 2020 boundary polygons reused as fallback (true vintage 1998) offline source ·cited by 1 election· 1999
  • note: 2020 boundary polygons reused as fallback (true vintage 2002) offline source ·cited by 2 elections· 2002–2005
  • note: 2020 boundary polygons reused as fallback (true vintage 2007) offline source ·cited by 2 elections· 2008–2011
  • note: 2020 boundary polygons reused as fallback (true vintage 2014) offline source ·cited by 2 elections· 2014–2017
Cross-checks & misc (10)
North Macedonia MK-GEN 64 links
MK-GEN North Macedonia 16 elections· 2002–2024· CLOSED_LIST
Results & vote data (26)
Constituency / district (15)
Boundaries / shapefiles (1)
Cross-checks & misc (22)
Norway NO-GEN 16 links
NO-GEN Norway 4 elections· 2013–2025· CLOSED_LIST
Results & vote data (6)
Constituency / district (4)
Boundaries / shapefiles (2)
Cross-checks & misc (4)
Poland PL-GEN 25 links
PL-GEN Poland 7 elections· 2001–2023· OPEN_LIST
Results & vote data (9)
Constituency / district (7)
Boundaries / shapefiles (1)
Cross-checks & misc (8)
Portugal PT-GEN 35 links
PT-GEN Portugal 19 elections· 1975–2025· CLOSED_LIST
Results & vote data (8)
Constituency / district (6)
Boundaries / shapefiles (1)
Cross-checks & misc (20)
Romania RO-GEN 12 links
RO-GEN Romania 3 elections· 2016–2024· CLOSED_LIST
Results & vote data (3)
Constituency / district (4)
Boundaries / shapefiles (1)
Cross-checks & misc (4)
San Marino SM-GEN 9 links
SM-GEN San Marino 1 elections· 2024· CLOSED_LIST
Results & vote data (4)
Constituency / district (1)
Boundaries / shapefiles (2)
Cross-checks & misc (2)
Serbia RS-GEN 41 links
RS-GEN Serbia 10 elections· 2003–2027· CLOSED_LIST
Results & vote data (2)
Constituency / district (24)
Boundaries / shapefiles (1)
Cross-checks & misc (14)
Slovakia SK-GEN 31 links
SK-GEN Slovakia 6 elections· 2006–2023· OPEN_LIST
Results & vote data (12)
Constituency / district (11)
Boundaries / shapefiles (1)
Cross-checks & misc (7)
Slovenia SI-GEN 34 links
SI-GEN Slovenia 6 elections· 2008–2026· OPEN_LIST
Results & vote data (12)
Constituency / district (7)
Boundaries / shapefiles (1)
Cross-checks & misc (14)
South Africa ZA-GEN 10 links
ZA-GEN South Africa 4 elections· 2009–2024· CLOSED_LIST
Results & vote data (5)
Constituency / district (4)
Cross-checks & misc (1)
South Korea KR-GEN 12 links
KR-GEN South Korea 8 elections· 2004–2024· MSMMDS
Results & vote data (11)
Cross-checks & misc (1)
Spain ES-GEN 35 links
ES-GEN Spain 16 elections· 1977–2023· CLOSED_LIST
Results & vote data (18)
Constituency / district (15)
Boundaries / shapefiles (1)
Cross-checks & misc (1)
Sweden SE-GEN 6 links
SE-GEN Sweden 2 elections· 2018–2022· OPEN_LIST
Results & vote data (3)
Constituency / district (1)
Boundaries / shapefiles (1)
Cross-checks & misc (1)
Switzerland CH-GEN 29 links
CH-GEN Switzerland 6 elections· 2003–2023· OPEN_LIST
Results & vote data (13)
Constituency / district (6)
Boundaries / shapefiles (2)
Cross-checks & misc (8)
Taiwan TW-GEN 14 links
TW-GEN Taiwan 10 elections· 2008–2024· MSMMDS
Results & vote data (12)
Constituency / district (1)
Cross-checks & misc (1)
Türkiye TR-GEN 25 links
TR-GEN Türkiye 11 elections· 2002–2028· OPEN_LIST
Results & vote data (3)
Constituency / district (9)
Boundaries / shapefiles (1)
Cross-checks & misc (12)
United Kingdom UK-GEN 6 links
UK-GEN United Kingdom 5012 elections· 1802–2024· FPTP
Results & vote data (4)
Constituency / district (3)
Vatican City VA-PAP 12 links
VA-PAP Vatican (Holy See) 8 elections· 1939–2025· CONCLAVE
Results & vote data (2)
Constituency / district (7)
Boundaries / shapefiles (1)
Cross-checks & misc (2)

Sources are stored per election in our database and regenerated automatically. If a link has rotted or a citation looks wrong, please open an issue on the project's GitHub repository.